- Significance and logic should be thoroughly prepared for both “significance” and “peacemaking”.
- Since there is too much content, it would be preferable to have two examples per point.
Focus
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Evaluate the significance of the war’s effects.
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Effects on what?
- Society, perhaps.
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Introduction
- The Paris Peace Conference took place from June 28, 1919.
- It was mainly dominated by the UK, France, and the US.
- Despite having different aims, they all shared the common goal of removing social instability in Europe and bringing peace.
- World War 2
- The US and USSR had different aims.
- During and after the war, conferences such as Yalta, Tehran, and Potsdam took place.
- The Paris Peace Conference took place from June 28, 1919.
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Territorial Effects
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World War 1
- US: Pursued the concept of “self-determination”.
- This was included in Wilson’s 14 points, which he mentioned in a speech in January 1918.
- It involved breaking up empires.
- Austria-Hungary was divided into Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, etc.
- The Ottoman Empire was also divided.
- France: Aimed to weaken Germany.
- Germany lost land.
- Winners gained territories.
- They acquired parts of Germany and Arab territories.
- (Austria-Hungary did not)
- Italy aimed to gain promised land from Austria-Hungary.
- Peacemaking extension:
- Successes
- Self-determination led to more people gaining independence, reducing potential conflicts.
- Failures
- Italy did not get the promised land, leading to anger and the rise of fascism. Mussolini came to power.
- Germany’s humiliation and the perception of “November criminals” led to the rise of fascism.
- Some Germans lost their independence and the goal of self-determination was not achieved.
- Conclusion
- The US’s pursuit of self-determination had some success, but the territorial divisions caused more significant future conflicts.
- Successes
- Significance extension:
- US: Pursued the concept of “self-determination”.
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World War 2
- The US aimed to exclude communist governments from Germany and Japan.
- The USSR aimed to create a buffer zone in Europe.
- As a result, Korea and Germany were divided.
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- Indochina was returned to France.
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- Japan lost all the territory it had.
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- The Soviet Union took over Eastern Europe.
- Peacemaking extension:
- Successes
- The buffer zone between the USSR and Western nations reduced tension.
- Failures
- The division of Germany caused tension.
- Example: {TODO}
- The division of Germany caused tension.
- Conclusion
- Although the buffer zone was somewhat successful, it also broke the Grand Alliance and contributed to the Cold War.
- Successes
- Significance extension:
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Political Impact
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World War 1
- The goal of every winner.
- The League of Nations was established.
- It was included in Wilson’s 14 points, which he mentioned in a speech in January 1918.
- Its purpose was to “preserve the peace” and establish collective security.
- Disarmament was aimed for to stop the arms race.
- Treaties were signed.
- More democracy in Europe was aimed for.
- Weimar Republic in Germany and elections in Turkey.
- The League of Nations was established.
- Germany and Italy after WW1.
- Peacemaking extension:
- Successes
- The League of Nations prevented wars.
- For example, the conflict between Greece and Bulgaria in 1925 was resolved through a League of Nations decision.
- There was also a resolution to the conflict between Sweden and Finland.
- Disarmament was achieved.
- Democracy had short-term success in Germany.
- The League of Nations prevented wars.
- Failures
- The US and USSR did not join the League of Nations.
- Historian Winter argues that the limited preparation time led to flaws in the League of Nations.
- Wilson couldn’t negotiate with Republicans, leading to the failure of the League of Nations.
- The abdication of the Kaiser led to the Weimar Republic, which eventually resulted in the rise of extreme ideologies and the Nazis coming to power.
- Weak democracy failed in the long term.
- The League of Nations was weak due to its lack of militarization.
- Japan, Italy, and Germany expanded without intervention.
- For example, the invasion of Abyssinia and the Japanese invasion of Manchuria and the establishment of Manchukuo.
- The League of Nations could only intervene in non-superpowers, not superpowers.
- Japan, Italy, and Germany expanded without intervention.
- The US and USSR did not join the League of Nations.
- Conclusion
- Successes
- Significance extension:
- Pros
- The failures of the League of Nations encouraged aggression from the Axis powers.
- Weak democracy in Europe helped the Nazis come to power.
- Counterarguments
- The League of Nations was ineffective and insignificant.
- Pros
- The goal of every winner.
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World War 2
- The United Nations was established.
- Both the US and USSR agreed on the concept of collective security.
- The US aimed to create alliances with democratic nations.
- For example, West Germany and Japan.
- The USSR aimed to create alliances with communist nations.
- Peacemaking extension:
- Successes
- Collective security prevented potential conflicts.
- Both the US and USSR were members and had military power to use force.
- {TODO: Find Historiography}
- The Peace Constitution of Japan prevented military conflicts.
- Collective security prevented potential conflicts.
- Failures
- Both the US and USSR aimed to create their own alliances, leading to the division of the Grand Alliance and the Cold War.
- Conclusion
- Germany and Japan were successfully prevented from becoming aggressive, but the Grand Alliance was broken and the Cold War was initiated.
- Successes
- Significance extension:
- The United Nations was established.
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Economic Impact
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World War 1
- The US aimed for the economic recovery of Germany and free trade.
- The UK and France demanded reparations.
- Germany was required to pay 30 billion dollars according to the Treaty of Versailles.
- Peacemaking extension:
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Successes
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Failures
- The heavy reparations contributed to an economic crisis, which in turn led to the rise of extreme ideologies.
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Conclusion
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- Significance extension:
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Pros
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Counterarguments
- Although Hitler claimed that reparations caused the economic crisis, it was not the true cause (the Great Depression was the cause).
- It seems possible to find historiography on this.
- Although Hitler claimed that reparations caused the economic crisis, it was not the true cause (the Great Depression was the cause).
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World War 2
- The US aimed to recover Germany, Japan, and other Western nations.
- The Marshall Plan was implemented.
- The USSR aimed to take reparations and resources from Germany.
- Peacemaking extension:
- Successes
- The US stabilized the economy in Europe and Japan.
- An unstable economy leads to an unstable world.
- Failures
- The Marshall Plan and the exclusion of communists contributed to the breakdown of the Grand Alliance and the start of the Cold War.
- According to the USSR, this was “dollar imperialism”.
- {TODO: Historiography}
- The Marshall Plan and the exclusion of communists contributed to the breakdown of the Grand Alliance and the start of the Cold War.
- Conclusion
- It did not significantly contribute to peace or conflict, but the Marshall Plan had some impact.
- Successes
- Significance extension:
- Pros
- The post-war economic miracle was aided by US assistance and support.
- Counterarguments
- Pros
- The US aimed to recover Germany, Japan, and other Western nations.
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Conclusion
- The limited consideration and collaboration during the conferences led to failure.
- Idealistic aims lacked consideration.
- Selfish aims lacked collaboration.
- Since this viewpoint is not widely supported at present, it would be preferable to adjust it.
- The limited consideration and collaboration during the conferences led to failure.
? “Territorial changes were the most significant effects of war.” To what extent do you agree with this statement in relation to two twentieth-century conflicts? ? Examine the effects of the peacemaking process that followed two twentieth-century conflicts. ? Examine the reasons for the failure of one peace treaty in the 20th century. ? Compare and contrast the political repercussions of one - Other textbooks can also be used. - If it’s about WW1 peacemaking, it can lead to the move to global war. - If it’s about WW2 peacemaking, it can be connected to the early stages of the Cold War.
- Additionally, there are textbooks on peacemaking.
- Here are the links to the textbooks:
- I would like to use them in Phase 3.
Notes:
- One of them will be the main textbook, and the others may be used as additional resources.
- Therefore, each paragraph should contain enough information to fill at least half of an essay.
- It might be better to focus on WW1 Europe and WW2 Pacific.
- This should be merged with the WW2 section.